Osteichthyes definition, anatomy, Characteristics, Morphological Structure, Organ Systems,Classification
Definition
Osteichthyes or also
called true bony fish is a class of vertebrates which is a subfilum of Pisces.
Osteichthyes comes from the Greek language, ie osteon that means bone and
ichthyes which means fish.
Osteicthyes body shapes
vary, but most are spindle-shaped flat, the size of the body more than the
width, then the passenger pieces are oval shaped. Shape or torpedo, this form
can facilitate movement in water. The head (Cephal) extends from the tip of the
snout to the end of the operculum (gill cover). The body (Truncus) extends from
the end of the operculum or the gill cover to the anus and the remainder is the
tail (Caudal). The mouth is at the tip of the face of the muzzle, has a
well-toothed jaw. Next door there is a pair muzzle dorsal nasal fovea (nostril
out) are next to it there is Sacci olfactorius, located next to the lateral
eyes without eyelids stretched operculum in a number of comb gills underneath
there. Anus and urogenital aperture are in front of the analyst pinnae. Up to
the last spine. This is to prevent the tailing of tails from entering in size.
But instead the fish fisherman put the tail in the length of the fish.
On the back there is
dorsal fin (Pinnae dorsalis), at the end of the body there is a tail fin
(Pinnae caudalis), and the ventral area of the tail is analyst. All fin
abovementioned located next to the median of the body, while the adjacent
lateral pair of pectoral fins (pinnae pectoralis) and pinnae thoraciace was
behind the operculum and next to it there is a pair of pelvic fins (pinnae
pelvicus or pinnae abdominal. Fin is an expansion of the integument (pembugkus
skin) thin and is supported by the fingers of the fin. All the fins, except the
dorsal fin (in some species) are limp, supported by fingers or spines that
contain lots of calcium. the function of the fins is to maintain a balance in
the water and to swim.
Based on its anatomy, the tail fin is divided into four types:
1. Type protecercal, the
end of the vertebral columna to the tip of the tail and the dull-tipped tail.
2. Type diphicercal,
the end of the vertebral columna to the tip of the tail with a pointed tip
shape.
3. Type homocercal,
that is, when the vertebral columns end not exactly at the end of the tail, but
rather slightly bend, at the end divide into two equal parts.
4. Type heterocercal,
that is when the vertebral columns end up protruding to one end of the tail
that makes itself into two not the same length.
The entire body of the
class Pisces Osteichthyes (bony), most of his body covered by a shell composed
of delicate epidermis, which produces mucusa (mucus), in order to facilitate
movement in the water and protect yourself from disease-causing microorganisms.
In the body and tail, on the epidermis there are scales arranged overlapping
like a house genten. Each of these scales is embedded in a dermal pocket and
grows throughout life.
In Osteichthyes there are three kinds of scales, namely:
1. Cycloid spherical
shape. In this scale when examined more deeply (in fish that live in areas
where there are four seasons) will look different circles.
2. Ctenoid scales are
rounded slightly oval, spiked small on the anterior, while posteriorly split
into several parts.
3. Ganoid scales are
rhombic shaped with small parts embedded in dermis pockets. The inner surface
contains a genuine substance and contains fine spines. Under adjacent scales
there is a line in the form of a channel in which there are sensory devices sensitive
to the vibrations of water waves.
2. Characteristics of Osteicthyes
1) The skin contains
many glands mocusa, usually covered with scales (ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid)
some species do not scaly, finned on the median, both dorsal and ventral and on
the side of the body with a few exceptions. The fins (pinnae) are usually
supported by the fingers of cartilage or hard bones, not legged.
2) The mouth is located
at the tip and good teeth. The jaw grows well and joins on the skull of the
head bone, has two Sacci olfactorius which are commonly associated with the
oral cavity, large eyelid and not eye-lidded.
3) Skleton particularly
hard bone, unless some sort of partly cartilaginous, various forms of
vertebrates, the anal fin / rear (pina caudalis) usually homocerca, remnants of
the notochord (skleton development respectively).
4) Cor consists of two
chambers (auriculum and ventriculum) with sinus venosus and conus arteriosus
containing venous blood, there are four pairs of archus aorticus, red and
oval-shaped red blood cells ..
5) Breathing
(respiration) is done with several pairs of gills
Which lies in the archus branchius within the gap space on both sides of
the pharing, covered by the operculum, usually has vesica pneumatica and has
Dustus pneumaticus. Some types have a shape like "lungs", for example
in dipnoi.
6) There are ten pairs of cranial nerve (central nerve) .
7) The body
temperature depends on the surrounding environment.
8) Has a pair of gonads,
usually ovipar (some ovovivipar and Vivipar), fertilization or fertilization
takes place in the body, small eggs up to 12 mm in size, yolk content,
segmentation is usually meroblastic, has no embryonic membrane, its young (post
larvae) is sometimes not similar to that Adults.
3. Morphological Structure of Osteicthyes
Body shape is diverse but most have flat spindle, body size is
higher than the width, the cross section is oval. The shape of the spindle or
terpedo makes it easier to move in the water. The body of carp can be divided
into three parts: head, body and tail.
1) Structure and function of outer tools (morphology)
a. The head extends from the snout to the end of the operculum
(gill cap). In the head there are tools as follows:
a) Mouth Located at the end
and good teeth, jaws grow well and jointed on the cranium. The function of the
mouth on the fish is to eat the food.
b) Nostril (Fovea nasalis) The number is a
pair, not related to the oral cavity. Inside the sunken nose there is a
collection of nerves that serve as a catcher stimulus odor.
c) EyeMata on the fish
numbered a pair, large and not berkelopak eyes. The eye serves as a tool to see
the surroundings.
D) Gill valve (Operculum) The gill valve in the fish is the
left and right pair, the gill valve serves as the cover of the gill slits, the
hearing instrument and the balance is not visible from the outside. This tool
consists only of the inner ear, in which there is a balance tool and tools that
can receive vibrations of the sound. Because the fish has not had the
listener's membranes, the sound vibrations are received and passed to the ears
through the bones of the head b. The body extends from the end of the operculum
to the anus and the rest is the tail. In the body there is the outer skin that
contains many glands (Mucosa) is a gland located on the skin and serves to
produce lenders.
Mucus is useful to smooth the body of the fish, to facilitate
the movement of fish in water and protect themselves against micro-organisms
that cause disease.
A) Scales are thin flat pieces that cause / made of chitin
that form the surface layer of the fish body. Type of scales that exist in
goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) which we observe is a type of Ctenoid, either on the
scales that pass by the side lines or that are not passed by the side lines.
The difference is only on the scales that pass through the line of a kind of
flat lines and that is not passed by just plain side streak.
b) Side lineSound
angles appear as longitudinal lines on both sides of the fish body, from the
end of the operculum to the base of the tail. The side line function is to know
the change in water pressure that causes the fish to recognize its position in
water.
c) The fin is a wing-like or winglike organ such as a membrane attached
to one of the various parts of the fish's body. The function of the fin is
generally to maintain balance in water and to swim.
Goldfish have several kinds
of fin:
a. Pinnowed fins Chest radius is the fin located on the chest,
abdominal fins located in the abdomen.
b. Fin single Back spine (Pinnae
dorsalis) ie fin located on the back. Anal fin is the fin that is on the back.
Organ Systems On Osteicthyesa.
a. Musculus System The body and tail are composed
largely by a segmented flesh muscle, the muscle of the meat attached to the
vetebrate of the support fingers. The meat muscle portions are wide and the
shape of the zigsag layer extends backward. Between the segments there are
layers of connective tissue as if they are septa (mycomata) .
b. Digestoria
SystemRahang many many teeth that are useful to chew food. Small tongue
attaches to the oral cavity and helps in the process of breathing. The pharink
of the gill slits contains many gill sheets located next to each other and then
the food digestive tract to the esophagus continues to Ventriculus.
c. The
circulatory system consists of two parts namely auriculum and ventriculum -
sinus venosus - conus arteriosus - aorta ventralis - aorta clorsalis. Blood
plasma contains red blood cells.
d. Respiration System Breathing is done by using
gills contained in 4 pairs of gill pouches. There are filaments composed of
many transpersal plates that contain a lot of capillary blood vessels. Stuffed There
is an overculum that can open and close when breathing. The air bubble / bubble
pool helps the respiratory device.
e. Excavation-shaped system of excretion is
located between Vesica urinaria and vertebrae bone. The liquid containing the
remnants of the nitrogen and hydrogen compounds extracted from the blood in the
ren will be tamping into the urinary vesica through the ureter and then
emptying through the outer urogenital sinus.
f. The Nervous System As central to
the brain and spinal cord. The brain consists of the lobes of alfactorius,
hemispericus, optic lobe and cerebellum. From the brain will exit 10 pairs of
cranial nerves as peripheral nerves. From the nervecord on each vertebrae will
exit the nerves that will member persyarafan on each segment of the surrounding
body.
g. Separate Sex Reproduction Systems in male fish contain a pair of
enlarged testes during the marriage. Through vase deverensia sperm is removed
through the urogenital papillae. In the female fish the egg will come out of
the ovary through the oviduct which then comes out through the urogenital
papillae. Conception generally occurs outside the body.
Classification Osteichthyes
the fish of parafiletik group: this means, every class that contains all
the fish will include also tetrapoda that is not fish. On this basis, groupings
like the Pisces Class, as in the past, are not worth using anymore. Here are
the units that cover all the vertebrates commonly referred to as fish:
a. Sub class Pteraspidomorphi (primitive primitive fish)
a) Thelodontib class)
b. Anaspida class (not status)
c) Cephalaspidomorphi (primitive primitive fish) -
Hyperoartia- Petromyzontidae (lamprey)
d) Galeaspidae class) Piteriaspidaf class)
Class OsteostraciInfrafilum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates )
- Class
Placodermi (fish armored, extinct)
- Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish:
sharks, rays)
- Class Acanthodii (spiny sharks, extinct) Superclass
Osteichthyes (bony fish true: covers almost all important fish present)
- Class
Actinopterygii ( Finned fish fan)
- Sarcopterygii class (fined fin fish /
finned lobe fish)
- Subclass Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanth) - Dipnoi subclass
(lung fish)
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