Complete amphibious
class Characterize the classification of reproductive habitats
Well this time I will
explain what is a class of Amphibia, a continuation of the previous article.
Still Phylum Chordata and its subphylum Vertebrata.
A. Definition
Amphibians are
organisms that live between two places, namely land and habitat waters.
Amphibian is the best ecology. Usually the larvae in the water and at the death
stage are mostly terrestrial and in the evolution of the context. Most
amphibian larvae depend on water to grow their larvae (Vences, 2008: 595).
As Vences described
earlier, characteristic of this creature he can live in two places of land and
water. Amphibi itself comes from two words namely Amphi (two sides) and Bios
(life / place of life). Which means is the animal that menyelesakan his life in
two places both land and water. Amphibian phylogeny is a transitional animal
between aquatics and terrestials still likes water because it lays its eggs in
water during reproduction. The motion (eksterminitas) of amphibi itself starts
from tadpoles in the form of a tail, then develops into small limbs and after
adult legs are strong because of metamorphosis.
Amphibians have eyelids
and tear glands that are well developed. In the eye there are membrane
nictitans that serve as a protective eye from dust, drought and other
conditions (Jasin, 2009: 73). The eyelid can be moved to the dorsal to close
the eyeballs so as not to dry if located on the terrestrial so as to protect
from the drought, the eyelid is also to protect the eyeball if he swam or dive
while in the water. In addition to the membrane nictitans also exist in the
frog membrane thympanum wide and clear hearing membrane (mentioned no ears)
located in the area sebeah ventro caudal eyes, covered skin so that its shape
is not clear.
Another feature of
frogs as described by (Sunil, 2013: 560). Frog legs can stretch parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the body. The outer border is the same length of the knee.
His head was a triangle, a snout, a wide-mouth gap like a crescent moon. The
skin is coarse and dry, can also be slippery and moist. Has a shoulder bracelet
and a hip bracelet.
B. Common features that exist in Amphibi itself, among others:
1. The larval
respiratory apparatus uses gills, as adults use pulmo and skin.
2. For digestion,
tadpoles have a very long intestine to digest food.
3. Head: Skull is heavy
with atlas or caudilus ocipotalis bone. The head of this animal is triangular,
the muzzle is blunt, the gap of the mouth is anterior, the ends are split,
pointed and dull. The hole lived one pair, big eyes and round. There is an oval
or oval-shaped parathyroid gland that is a gland that can resemble white sap
4. And the legs are
pentadactyla type (multiple of 4). Among his fingers is a thin membrane, blunt
fingertips are also equipped with a wide and thick banteralan. Sometimes there
is a tuberculum equipped with suberticulare on the side of the finger, the epi
foot of the back foot is also equipped with tuberculum outside and inside
metatarsal.
5. The cor consists of
2 atria, one ventricle and one lubus, the arcus aurotanya symetris,
6. During reproduction
the female wraps its eggs in gelatin
7. Body, for a round
toad almost flat without any bulge but for the frog body slim and accompanied
by a bulge that is on the back, the posterir end there cloaca (channel three
estuary). There are cloaca equipped with lumbai-lumbai and also plain.
8. Skin: Both rough and
fine skin still contain a lot of mucus. Sometimes there are scales hidden in
the skin. There is a gland called chromatophore that contains pigment black,
brown called melanophore, while red, yellow and orange are called lipophore.
C. Place of life
Amphibians are
cold-blooded animals meaning the body temperature is affected by the
environment in which water lives during eggs, tadpoles and young frogs and land
as adults. Very fond of a humid place to avoid the reduction of body fluids of
this animal and eventually die.
D. Amphibious Reproduction
Amphibians reproduce
with external fertilization and internal fertilization. External fertilization
is performed by some frogs, frogs, males posing with amplexus (holding the
female), male sperm are removed and placed above the female egg. Salamanders
are deposited with deposits in which spermatophore is placed on the ground. The
female carries and inserts it into its cloak where fertilization occurs
internally. In contrast, caecilians and frogs use internal fertilization such
as reptiles, birds and mammals. The male sperm goes directly to the female cloaca
through the intromittent organ.
E. Classification of amphibians
Amphibians are divided into three orders of the order apoda, urodela and
anura. Ordo apoda has limbs characteristic of his body berbntuk gilik, no limbs
and tail. Urodela in adult form has a tail, has no scales.Anura body is short,
wide there is also slim, stiff, front leg shorter than the back leg,
metamorphosis is real.
In addition to the above characteristics I will also describe again some of
the characteristics below:
- Apoda: skin grooved and transverse as if wrinkled, scales attached to the
groove, meta without petals. Also the skin of the apoda itself is transparent.
In males having external genitals, there is a family of celcalidae (not legs)
for example Ichtyophis glutinosa
- Ordo Uroderla: meaning of "uro" meaning cauda or tail. The body
can be distinguished head, tail body and limbs. Unlike the order of the apoda
was not legged (motion instrument), there are teeth in both jaws, larvanya
shape similar to adult. Has 7 families. One of the species is Solandra
moculosa.
- Order Anura (salientia): an adult animal that has no tail and is wide,
good at jumping, eyes are not spinning, head with a united body, between the
fingers there is a membrane, vertebrae there are 10 and not ribbed. Internal
fertilization, lerva with median finned tail, and has 16 metamorphosed
relatives.
Below I will mention some families common to the order of Anura, among others:
O bufonidae family: has parathy gland and skin berbintil-nodule. The egg
frog dangled long, rounded body. For example Bufo melanostictus.
O Family ranidae: the fingers of the webbed limbs, on the fourth finger the
fingers reach the fingertips. The egg is clothed, the body is slender, the skin
smooth / slippery, the gland is not there, spikula side by side, leg
lengthwise. For example Rana esculenta
O Family racophiridae: has a phalange that is among the last phalange
contained inter calari cartilago. For example Rhocopharus sp
O Family mycronilidae: characteristic of this family tip tongue rounded and
tapered example: Calaula baleata.
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