Characteristics, Morphological Structure, Organ Systems,Classification

Osteichthyes definition, anatomy, Characteristics, Morphological Structure, Organ Systems,Classification 

Definition

Osteichthyes or also called true bony fish is a class of vertebrates which is a subfilum of Pisces. Osteichthyes comes from the Greek language, ie osteon that means bone and ichthyes which means fish.

Osteicthyes body shapes vary, but most are spindle-shaped flat, the size of the body more than the width, then the passenger pieces are oval shaped. Shape or torpedo, this form can facilitate movement in water. The head (Cephal) extends from the tip of the snout to the end of the operculum (gill cover). The body (Truncus) extends from the end of the operculum or the gill cover to the anus and the remainder is the tail (Caudal). The mouth is at the tip of the face of the muzzle, has a well-toothed jaw. Next door there is a pair muzzle dorsal nasal fovea (nostril out) are next to it there is Sacci olfactorius, located next to the lateral eyes without eyelids stretched operculum in a number of comb gills underneath there. Anus and urogenital aperture are in front of the analyst pinnae. Up to the last spine. This is to prevent the tailing of tails from entering in size. But instead the fish fisherman put the tail in the length of the fish.

On the back there is dorsal fin (Pinnae dorsalis), at the end of the body there is a tail fin (Pinnae caudalis), and the ventral area of ​​the tail is analyst. All fin abovementioned located next to the median of the body, while the adjacent lateral pair of pectoral fins (pinnae pectoralis) and pinnae thoraciace was behind the operculum and next to it there is a pair of pelvic fins (pinnae pelvicus or pinnae abdominal. Fin is an expansion of the integument (pembugkus skin) thin and is supported by the fingers of the fin. All the fins, except the dorsal fin (in some species) are limp, supported by fingers or spines that contain lots of calcium. the function of the fins is to maintain a balance in the water and to swim.

Based on its anatomy, the tail fin is divided into four types:

1. Type protecercal, the end of the vertebral columna to the tip of the tail and the dull-tipped tail.

2. Type diphicercal, the end of the vertebral columna to the tip of the tail with a pointed tip shape.

3. Type homocercal, that is, when the vertebral columns end not exactly at the end of the tail, but rather slightly bend, at the end divide into two equal parts.

4. Type heterocercal, that is when the vertebral columns end up protruding to one end of the tail that makes itself into two not the same length.

The entire body of the class Pisces Osteichthyes (bony), most of his body covered by a shell composed of delicate epidermis, which produces mucusa (mucus), in order to facilitate movement in the water and protect yourself from disease-causing microorganisms. In the body and tail, on the epidermis there are scales arranged overlapping like a house genten. Each of these scales is embedded in a dermal pocket and grows throughout life.

In Osteichthyes there are three kinds of scales, namely:

1. Cycloid spherical shape. In this scale when examined more deeply (in fish that live in areas where there are four seasons) will look different circles.

2. Ctenoid scales are rounded slightly oval, spiked small on the anterior, while posteriorly split into several parts.

3. Ganoid scales are rhombic shaped with small parts embedded in dermis pockets. The inner surface contains a genuine substance and contains fine spines. Under adjacent scales there is a line in the form of a channel in which there are sensory devices sensitive to the vibrations of water waves.

2. Characteristics of Osteicthyes

1) The skin contains many glands mocusa, usually covered with scales (ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid) some species do not scaly, finned on the median, both dorsal and ventral and on the side of the body with a few exceptions. The fins (pinnae) are usually supported by the fingers of cartilage or hard bones, not legged.

2) The mouth is located at the tip and good teeth. The jaw grows well and joins on the skull of the head bone, has two Sacci olfactorius which are commonly associated with the oral cavity, large eyelid and not eye-lidded.

3) Skleton particularly hard bone, unless some sort of partly cartilaginous, various forms of vertebrates, the anal fin / rear (pina caudalis) usually homocerca, remnants of the notochord (skleton development respectively).

4) Cor consists of two chambers (auriculum and ventriculum) with sinus venosus and conus arteriosus containing venous blood, there are four pairs of archus aorticus, red and oval-shaped red blood cells ..

5) Breathing (respiration) is done with several pairs of gills

Which lies in the archus branchius within the gap space on both sides of the pharing, covered by the operculum, usually has vesica pneumatica and has Dustus pneumaticus. Some types have a shape like "lungs", for example in dipnoi.

6) There are ten pairs of cranial nerve (central nerve) .

7) The body temperature depends on the surrounding environment.

8) Has a pair of gonads, usually ovipar (some ovovivipar and Vivipar), fertilization or fertilization takes place in the body, small eggs up to 12 mm in size, yolk content, segmentation is usually meroblastic, has no embryonic membrane, its young (post larvae) is sometimes not similar to that Adults.

3. Morphological Structure of Osteicthyes 

Body shape is diverse but most have flat spindle, body size is higher than the width, the cross section is oval. The shape of the spindle or terpedo makes it easier to move in the water. The body of carp can be divided into three parts: head, body and tail. 

1) Structure and function of outer tools (morphology) 

a. The head extends from the snout to the end of the operculum (gill cap). In the head there are tools as follows: 

a) Mouth Located at the end and good teeth, jaws grow well and jointed on the cranium. The function of the mouth on the fish is to eat the food.

b) Nostril (Fovea nasalis) The number is a pair, not related to the oral cavity. Inside the sunken nose there is a collection of nerves that serve as a catcher stimulus odor.

c) EyeMata on the fish numbered a pair, large and not berkelopak eyes. The eye serves as a tool to see the surroundings. 

D) Gill valve (Operculum) The gill valve in the fish is the left and right pair, the gill valve serves as the cover of the gill slits, the hearing instrument and the balance is not visible from the outside. This tool consists only of the inner ear, in which there is a balance tool and tools that can receive vibrations of the sound. Because the fish has not had the listener's membranes, the sound vibrations are received and passed to the ears through the bones of the head b. The body extends from the end of the operculum to the anus and the rest is the tail. In the body there is the outer skin that contains many glands (Mucosa) is a gland located on the skin and serves to produce lenders. 

Mucus is useful to smooth the body of the fish, to facilitate the movement of fish in water and protect themselves against micro-organisms that cause disease. 

A) Scales are thin flat pieces that cause / made of chitin that form the surface layer of the fish body. Type of scales that exist in goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) which we observe is a type of Ctenoid, either on the scales that pass by the side lines or that are not passed by the side lines. The difference is only on the scales that pass through the line of a kind of flat lines and that is not passed by just plain side streak.

b) Side lineSound angles appear as longitudinal lines on both sides of the fish body, from the end of the operculum to the base of the tail. The side line function is to know the change in water pressure that causes the fish to recognize its position in water.

c) The fin is a wing-like or winglike organ such as a membrane attached to one of the various parts of the fish's body. The function of the fin is generally to maintain balance in water and to swim. 

Goldfish have several kinds of fin: 

a. Pinnowed fins Chest radius is the fin located on the chest, abdominal fins located in the abdomen.

b. Fin single Back spine (Pinnae dorsalis) ie fin located on the back. Anal fin is the fin that is on the back.

Organ Systems On Osteicthyesa. 

a. Musculus System The body and tail are composed largely by a segmented flesh muscle, the muscle of the meat attached to the vetebrate of the support fingers. The meat muscle portions are wide and the shape of the zigsag layer extends backward. Between the segments there are layers of connective tissue as if they are septa (mycomata) .

b. Digestoria SystemRahang many many teeth that are useful to chew food. Small tongue attaches to the oral cavity and helps in the process of breathing. The pharink of the gill slits contains many gill sheets located next to each other and then the food digestive tract to the esophagus continues to Ventriculus.

c. The circulatory system consists of two parts namely auriculum and ventriculum - sinus venosus - conus arteriosus - aorta ventralis - aorta clorsalis. Blood plasma contains red blood cells. 

d. Respiration System Breathing is done by using gills contained in 4 pairs of gill pouches. There are filaments composed of many transpersal plates that contain a lot of capillary blood vessels. Stuffed There is an overculum that can open and close when breathing. The air bubble / bubble pool helps the respiratory device. 

e. Excavation-shaped system of excretion is located between Vesica urinaria and vertebrae bone. The liquid containing the remnants of the nitrogen and hydrogen compounds extracted from the blood in the ren will be tamping into the urinary vesica through the ureter and then emptying through the outer urogenital sinus. 

f. The Nervous System As central to the brain and spinal cord. The brain consists of the lobes of alfactorius, hemispericus, optic lobe and cerebellum. From the brain will exit 10 pairs of cranial nerves as peripheral nerves. From the nervecord on each vertebrae will exit the nerves that will member persyarafan on each segment of the surrounding body.

g. Separate Sex Reproduction Systems in male fish contain a pair of enlarged testes during the marriage. Through vase deverensia sperm is removed through the urogenital papillae. In the female fish the egg will come out of the ovary through the oviduct which then comes out through the urogenital papillae. Conception generally occurs outside the body. 

Classification Osteichthyes

the fish of parafiletik group: this means, every class that contains all the fish will include also tetrapoda that is not fish. On this basis, groupings like the Pisces Class, as in the past, are not worth using anymore. Here are the units that cover all the vertebrates commonly referred to as fish: 

a. Sub class Pteraspidomorphi (primitive primitive fish) 

a) Thelodontib class) 

b. Anaspida class (not status) 

c) Cephalaspidomorphi (primitive primitive fish) - Hyperoartia- Petromyzontidae (lamprey) 

d) Galeaspidae class) Piteriaspidaf class) Class OsteostraciInfrafilum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates ) 

- Class Placodermi (fish armored, extinct) 

- Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays) 

- Class Acanthodii (spiny sharks, extinct) Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish true: covers almost all important fish present) 

- Class Actinopterygii ( Finned fish fan) 

- Sarcopterygii class (fined fin fish / finned lobe fish) 

- Subclass Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanth) - Dipnoi subclass (lung fish)