Definition Growth and Development
The word is often
coupled with the development of growth and maturity. The trio did have a very
close relationship. Growth and development is basically a change, a shift
towards higher ketahap or better. There are some differences between the
development and growth. More growth with respect to the physical or temporal
aspects, while developments to the spiritual and psychological aspects. Growth
indicates a change or increase in quantity, namely the increase of size or
height, while developments with regard to the quantity is increasing and
enhanced functions. It can be concluded that growth with regard to the
improvement of the structure being
development with enhanced functions.
Individuals and characteristics .
Talk about adolescent
psychology course not separated from adolescent psychological development which
can be said to be a phase of development experienced by a person when entering
the age of 12-22 years. In the development phase of adolescent psychology , the
child should be able to leave the childishness of her.
According to Hurlock
(1981) teens are those who are at the age of 12-18 years. Monks, et al (2000)
gave an age limit is 12-21 years old adolescents. According to Stanley Hall (in
Santrock, 2003) teens were in the range 12-23 years. Based on the limitations
provided by experts, can be seen that the onset of adolescence is relatively
the same, but the end of adolescence is very varied. In fact there are also
known as extended adolescence, and teenagers who shortened. Teenage is a time of
problems. This statement was put forward much in the past, namely in the early
20th century by Mr. Stanley Hall Adolescent Psychology. Opinions Stanley Hall
at the moment is that adolescence is a time of storm and stress ( storm and
stress ) Is still widely cited people.
According to Erickson
adolescence is a time of identity crisis or identity search. Erickson idea is
corroborated by James Marcia who found that there are four identity status in
adolescents that identity diffusion / confussion, moratorium, foreclosure, and
identity Achieved (Santrock 2003, Papalia, et al, 2001, Monks, et al, 2000,
Muss, 1988 ). Characteristics of adolescents who were proceeding to seek
self-identity is also often a problem in the adolescent self.
Physical developmental psychology Teens
Physical development
adolescent psychology phase of adolescence is a period of human life is very
strategic, important and far-reaching for the next development. In early
adolescence , physical growth is very rapid but not proportionately, on the
nose, hands, and feet. In late adolescence, the proportion of the body reach
the size of an adult's body in all its parts (Syamsu Yusuf: 2005). In
connection with the physical development, the development is the most important
aspect of this sexuality can be divided into two parts, namely:
- Characteristics of Sex Primary
Developments adolescent male psychology is experiencing rapid growth in
testicular organs, vessels that produce sperm and the prostate gland. Maturity
organs allows the adolescent male sexuality, around the age of 14-15 years,
suffered a "wet dream", get out sperm. In young women, there was
rapid growth in the uterus and ovaries organs that produce ova (egg cells) and
hormones of pregnancy. The result was a cycle of " menarche " (first
menstruation). Early menstrual cycles often accompanied by headache, back pain,
fatigue, depression, and irritability.
- Characteristics of Sex Secondary
development of adolescent psychology at secondary sexual maturity is the growth
that complements the individual so that it appears as a man or woman. Boys grew
feathers on mustache, sideburns, beard, hands, feet, armpits, and genitals. In
the men have grown Adam's apple and the sound turns into a raucous young men
and low. Skin turns rough. In young women also grew feathers are more limited,
namely in the armpits and genitals. Growth also occurred in the glands that
will produce milk in the breast, as well as the growth of the hip so that it
becomes an adult woman proportionally.
Growth and development of adolescents, adolescent developmental task
Adolescent Psychology
Cognitive Development
Brain growth achieved
perfection at the age of 12-20 yrs functional, cognitive development (thinking
skills) teens can be described as follows
a. Intellectually adolescents begin to think
logically about abstract ideas
b. Functioning of high-level cognitive
activities that make the plans, strategies, make decisions, and solve problems
c. Already able to use abstractions, to
distinguish the concrete to the abstract
d. The emergence of scientific reasoning
ability, study tested the hypothesis
e. Thinking about the future, planning,
and explore alternatives to achieve adolescent psychology
f. Began to realize the process of
thinking efficiently and learn berinstropeksi
g. Insights berfikirnya expanding, can
include religion, justice, morality, and identity (identity)
i. Developments Emotions Adolescent Psychology
Adolescents experiencing
the peak emosionalitasnya, a high level of emotional development. Emotional
development early teens showed a sensitive nature, reactive strong, negative
emotions and temper (irritability, anger, sadness, and moody).
While the late
teens already started to be able to control it. Teens who thrive in an
environment that is less conducive, emotional maturity is inhibited. So often
experiencing negative consequences in the form of behavior "wrong
custom" .
Pikologi problem
teenagers example
1)
Aggressive: fight, stubborn, fighting, lots of disturbances and others
2)
Running from reality ( regressive ): dreamy, quiet, loner, taking a sedative,
alcohol, or drugs
While
adolescents who live in a conducive and harmonious environment can help teens
become emotional maturity:
1)
Adequacy (accuracy) of emotions: love, compassion, sympathy, altruistic (happy
to help), respect (respect and respect for others), friendly, and others
2)
Controlling emotions: not easily offended, not aggressive, reasonable,
optimistic, not explosive, face failure in a healthy and wise
ii. Moral developments Adolescent Psychology
Teens have been able to
behave not only pursuing physical satisfaction, but increased in the
psychological order (to feel accepted, valued, and positive ratings from
others).
iii. Social development Adolescent Psychology
Teens has developed the
ability to understand others ( social cognition ) and make friends. Teens
choose friends who have a psychological nature and quality is relatively the
same as himself, for example, the same hobbies, interests, attitudes, values,
and personality.
Developments attitude
quite vulnerable in adolescents is the attitude of comformity is a tendency to
give up and follow how their peers do. For example, in the case of opinions,
thoughts, values, lifestyles, habits, interests, desires, and others.
iv. Personality development Adolescent Psychology
Adolescent psychology.
The central issue in adolescents is the future development of identity
(identity) which will be the basis for adulthood. Teens getting busy and
excited with the problem of "who am I?" ( Who am I? ). Related to
this is also troubled teens looking for idols in his life that made role models
and pride. Important factors in the development of the personal integrity of
the adolescents ( adolescent psychology ) are:
1)
Physical growth increasingly mature, consequences for adults behave well
2)
Sexual maturity implies encouragement and new emotions
3)
The emergence of consciousness of self and reevaluate obsession and ideals
4)
The need for interaction and friendship wider with similar and opposite sex
friends
5)
The emergence of conflicts as a result of the transition from childhood to
adulthood.
Late teens have started to understand, direct, develop, and maintain identity
Late teens anticipatory
actions are:
1)
Trying to be cautious in their behavior and addressing excess herself
2)
Assess the purpose and the decision to become a man desirable models
3)
Taking into account the ethics of the people, the will of the parents, and the
attitude of his friends
4)
Develop a personal attitudes
g. Developments Religious Awareness
Faith and the heart is
the determining one's behavior and actions. How is this spiritual development
occurs in adolescent psychology? In accordance with the development of critical
capabilities adolescent psychology to highlight religious values carefully.
They began to bring religious values into the hearts and lives. But they also
look critically-lameness lameness in society whose lifestyles little concern
for the value of religion, hypocritical, dishonest, and other immoral behavior.
This is where faith and spiritual idealism adolescents experience collisions
and exams .
task Progress
Some of the tasks that
must be completed development of the youth in this period are:
a. Able to establish a more mature
relationship with another of the same age and gender. Youth should be able to
see her as a woman and as a young man. Being an adult among other adults.
Learning to work with other people to achieve certain goals, can let personal
feelings and being able to memimpi without dominating.
b. Being able to perform a social role as
male and female. Able to appreciate, accept and do a squeeze-social role as
male and female adults.
c. Receiving his physical condition and be
able to use it effectively. Teens are required to love and respect other
people's conditions, can preserve and maintain the condition of badanya.
d. Having keberdirian himself emotionally
from parents and other adults, teens are expected to have been freed from
dependence as a child from his parents, to love and appreciate oranag elderly
parent or a dewasalainnya without depending on them.
e. Having keberdirian itself in the
economic field. Especially in boys, then gradually also grow in a woman or
child feeling to earn their own living.
f. Being able to choose and prepare for
any work. Kids have been able to make a career plan, choose a suitable job and
he is doing and mamapu mamapu make appropriate preparations.
g. Learn to prepare themselves for marriage
and life berkeluaga. Having a positive attitude towards family life and having
children. Fatherly women had the knowledge and kemamapuan to care for children
and household.
h. Develop concepts and intellectual skills
to live in a society. Develop concepts of law, government, economics, politics,
social institutions suited to modern life, develop thinking and language skills
to be able to solve the problems of modern society.
i. Having a social peerilaku as expected
by society. Can participate with a sense of responsibility for the progress and
prosperity of modern society.
j. Memeiliki set of values that guide the
perbuayannya, already has a set of values that can be applied to life. There is
a willingness and effort to realize. Being able to create a life in harmony
with others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hurlock, E.B. (1991). Psikolgi Perkembangan Suatu Pendekatan Sepanjang Rentang Kehidupan (Terjemahan oleh Istiwidayanti dan Soedjarwo). Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga.
Mongks, F. J. , Knoers, A. M. P. , & Haditono, S. R. (2000). Psikologi Perkembangan: Pengantar dalam berbagai bagiannya. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Muss, R. E. , Olds, S. W. , & Fealdman (2001). Human Developmen. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Sukma, S. N. 2003. Landasan Psikologi Proses Pendidikan.Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
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