Complete amphibious class Characterize the classification of reproductive habitats

Complete amphibious class Characterize the classification of reproductive habitats

Well this time I will explain what is a class of Amphibia, a continuation of the previous article. Still Phylum Chordata and its subphylum Vertebrata.

A. Definition

Amphibians are organisms that live between two places, namely land and habitat waters. Amphibian is the best ecology. Usually the larvae in the water and at the death stage are mostly terrestrial and in the evolution of the context. Most amphibian larvae depend on water to grow their larvae (Vences, 2008: 595).

As Vences described earlier, characteristic of this creature he can live in two places of land and water. Amphibi itself comes from two words namely Amphi (two sides) and Bios (life / place of life). Which means is the animal that menyelesakan his life in two places both land and water. Amphibian phylogeny is a transitional animal between aquatics and terrestials still likes water because it lays its eggs in water during reproduction. The motion (eksterminitas) of amphibi itself starts from tadpoles in the form of a tail, then develops into small limbs and after adult legs are strong because of metamorphosis.

Amphibians have eyelids and tear glands that are well developed. In the eye there are membrane nictitans that serve as a protective eye from dust, drought and other conditions (Jasin, 2009: 73). The eyelid can be moved to the dorsal to close the eyeballs so as not to dry if located on the terrestrial so as to protect from the drought, the eyelid is also to protect the eyeball if he swam or dive while in the water. In addition to the membrane nictitans also exist in the frog membrane thympanum wide and clear hearing membrane (mentioned no ears) located in the area sebeah ventro caudal eyes, covered skin so that its shape is not clear.

Another feature of frogs as described by (Sunil, 2013: 560). Frog legs can stretch parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body. The outer border is the same length of the knee. His head was a triangle, a snout, a wide-mouth gap like a crescent moon. The skin is coarse and dry, can also be slippery and moist. Has a shoulder bracelet and a hip bracelet.

B. Common features that exist in Amphibi itself, among others:

1. The larval respiratory apparatus uses gills, as adults use pulmo and skin.

2. For digestion, tadpoles have a very long intestine to digest food.

3. Head: Skull is heavy with atlas or caudilus ocipotalis bone. The head of this animal is triangular, the muzzle is blunt, the gap of the mouth is anterior, the ends are split, pointed and dull. The hole lived one pair, big eyes and round. There is an oval or oval-shaped parathyroid gland that is a gland that can resemble white sap

4. And the legs are pentadactyla type (multiple of 4). Among his fingers is a thin membrane, blunt fingertips are also equipped with a wide and thick banteralan. Sometimes there is a tuberculum equipped with suberticulare on the side of the finger, the epi foot of the back foot is also equipped with tuberculum outside and inside metatarsal.

5. The cor consists of 2 atria, one ventricle and one lubus, the arcus aurotanya symetris,

6. During reproduction the female wraps its eggs in gelatin

7. Body, for a round toad almost flat without any bulge but for the frog body slim and accompanied by a bulge that is on the back, the posterir end there cloaca (channel three estuary). There are cloaca equipped with lumbai-lumbai and also plain.

8. Skin: Both rough and fine skin still contain a lot of mucus. Sometimes there are scales hidden in the skin. There is a gland called chromatophore that contains pigment black, brown called melanophore, while red, yellow and orange are called lipophore. 

C. Place of life

Amphibians are cold-blooded animals meaning the body temperature is affected by the environment in which water lives during eggs, tadpoles and young frogs and land as adults. Very fond of a humid place to avoid the reduction of body fluids of this animal and eventually die. 

D. Amphibious Reproduction

Amphibians reproduce with external fertilization and internal fertilization. External fertilization is performed by some frogs, frogs, males posing with amplexus (holding the female), male sperm are removed and placed above the female egg. Salamanders are deposited with deposits in which spermatophore is placed on the ground. The female carries and inserts it into its cloak where fertilization occurs internally. In contrast, caecilians and frogs use internal fertilization such as reptiles, birds and mammals. The male sperm goes directly to the female cloaca through the intromittent organ.

E. Classification of amphibians

Amphibians are divided into three orders of the order apoda, urodela and anura. Ordo apoda has limbs characteristic of his body berbntuk gilik, no limbs and tail. Urodela in adult form has a tail, has no scales.Anura body is short, wide there is also slim, stiff, front leg shorter than the back leg, metamorphosis is real.

In addition to the above characteristics I will also describe again some of the characteristics below:

- Apoda: skin grooved and transverse as if wrinkled, scales attached to the groove, meta without petals. Also the skin of the apoda itself is transparent. In males having external genitals, there is a family of celcalidae (not legs) for example Ichtyophis glutinosa

- Ordo Uroderla: meaning of "uro" meaning cauda or tail. The body can be distinguished head, tail body and limbs. Unlike the order of the apoda was not legged (motion instrument), there are teeth in both jaws, larvanya shape similar to adult. Has 7 families. One of the species is Solandra moculosa.

- Order Anura (salientia): an adult animal that has no tail and is wide, good at jumping, eyes are not spinning, head with a united body, between the fingers there is a membrane, vertebrae there are 10 and not ribbed. Internal fertilization, lerva with median finned tail, and has 16 metamorphosed relatives.

Below I will mention some families common to the order of Anura, among others:

O bufonidae family: has parathy gland and skin berbintil-nodule. The egg frog dangled long, rounded body. For example Bufo melanostictus.

O Family ranidae: the fingers of the webbed limbs, on the fourth finger the fingers reach the fingertips. The egg is clothed, the body is slender, the skin smooth / slippery, the gland is not there, spikula side by side, leg lengthwise. For example Rana esculenta

O Family racophiridae: has a phalange that is among the last phalange contained inter calari cartilago. For example Rhocopharus sp

O Family mycronilidae: characteristic of this family tip tongue rounded and tapered example: Calaula baleata.