Phaeophyta (alga blonde / chocolate) traits, classification, place of life and role for life

Phaeophyta (alga blonde / chocolate) traits, classification, place of life and role for life

Phaephyta is distinguished from others, because it has a brown or olive green color. In chromatophore it contains chlorophyll-a, carotene, and santofil, but especially the fukosantin that covers the other colors and that causes the algae to look blond.

As a result of assimilation and as a food substance reserve is never found starch, but up to 50% of its dry weight consists of laminarin, a type of carbohydrate that resembles dextrin and closer to cellulose than with flour. Besides laminarin also found manit, oil and other substances. The inner cell wall consists of pectin there is algin, a gelatin-like substance, the Ca salt of alginate acid which in laminaria represents up to 20-60% of its dry weight. The cells have only one core.

In Phaephyta the rate of development that can move in the form of zoospores and gametes, has two heterokon whip hairs and is located on the side of the body in the shape of a fruit or lifeboat. At the time it moves the long whip hairs that have shiny hairs facing to the face and the short ones facing backwards. Close to the whipping of the whip spots are reddish-blond, and within the wide zoospores there is one (rarely more) blond chromatophore.

characteristics

a. All types are multicellular

b. The body is shaped like a thread or sheet that can reach tens of meters

c. Cell walls are composed of cellulose, pectin, and alginic acid

d. Chromatophore has no pythroid, but it has fungus grains as a byproduct of metabolism.

Habitats and transitions

     Phaeophyta habitat almost all the sea and along the coast attached to the rocks, with a depth of 1.5 to 5 meters only a few species that live in fresh water. On the ocean and ocean in temperate and cold climates, the talus can reach a very large and very different size. These algae include bentos, attached to rocks, wood, often as well as epiphytes in other talus of algae, and some even live as endophytes. To date there are about 1500-2000 species of brown algae that have been identified worldwide.

Cell Structure

Multicellular. Cells contain elliptical chloroplasts, such as ribbons, containing chlorophyll a and chlorophyll and some xanthophiles such as fukosantin. Food reserves include laminarin and mannitol. Cell walls contain cellulose and alginate acid. Generally found the existence of cell walls, which is composed of three kinds of polymers, namely: cellulose, aginic acid, fukan and fukoidin. Where algin and fukoidin are more complex than cellulose and the combination of both forms phylo- tocodoids. Sometimes the cell wall also has calcification. The nucleus of the cell is single-core, the core of the base berinti many. Chloroplast with a variety of shapes, sizes and quantities.

Breeding

a. Asexual

            Asexual reproduction with fragmentation, zoospores, propagules. Propagules are particularly fragile branches of the parent talus. Zooaspora has a lateral flagellum and is not the same length (long in front and short behind), the zoospores occur because of the reduction division. In a bubble-shaped sporangium and first having only one nucleus then there is a division of the nucleus and chromatophores up to several times. From the zoospora it grows a haploid gametophyte with colored gametangium.

b. Sexual

Sexual reproduction with multi-celled gametangium isogamy. At each nuclear division occurs a partition, resulting in a boxed gametangium. Each box pulls out an isogamet. The isogametic copulation produces a zygote, which, without experiencing a period of rest and without cleavage reduction without removing the cell, immediately germinates into diploid plants, which have only one sporangium bear. So in this class there is an inheritance rotation. For example Fucus, Sargassum, Turbinaria, Macrocystis.

Fucus in the body there is a cavity that produces gametes called konseptakel and at the end of the body there is a tool for breeding called reseptakel.

brown algae

Classification

     Phaeophyta is divided into 3 classes, namely:

1. Class isogeneratae

This class has a rotation of isomorphic generation where sporophyte and gametifit are of the same shape. Example: Ectocarpus.

2. Heterogenratae Class

This class is a rotation of the heteromorph generation, in which large sporophytes, have a certain shape. While the microscopic gametophyte and filament. Male gametophyte to form antheridium that produces gametophyte can be distinguished over female and male gametophytes, namely heterotalus. Female gametophytes form ooganiums that produce egg cells. After the eggs in the anterezoidal fruit there is a zygote that remains in the oogonia. With this zygote cell division developing into aporofit and the gametophyte will die. Example: Laminaria.

3. Class Cyclosporae

This class of vegetative forms more dominant is the sporophyte phase (diploid generation), and does not have a haploid vegetative form (1n). The haploid generation is only in the form of gamete cells (sex cells) produced in the conceptual, in the form of rooms located on the entire surface of the talus. Example: Fucales (includes genus: Fucus, Sargassum, and Turbinaria).

Benefits to Life

a. Produce aliphatic acids that work for ice cream making, paint making, working in industry for paper tanning or refining paper, varnish, medicine, and toothpaste.

b. Sources of iodine and potassium. The iodine concentration in kelp can reach 20,000 times the amount in seawater. Potassium chloride can be as much as 32 percent of the dry weight of kelp.

c. As fodder

d. Types of Alaria and Laminaria as a source of food for the Japanese.

brown algae.

Conclusion

    
       

Common features of Phaeophyta, all types of multicellular, body shaped like a thread or sheet that can reach tens of meters, cell wall consists of cellulose, pectin, and align acid, chromatophore has no pythenoid, but has fukosan grains as a byproduct of metabolism. Phaeophyta habitat almost all the sea and along the coast attached to the rocks, with a depth of 1.5 to 5 meters only a few species that live in fresh water. Structure The nucleus of the cell is single core, the core of the base berinti many. Chloroplast with a variety of shapes, sizes and quantities. Asexual proliferation with fragmentation, zoospores, propagula and sexual reproduction with multi-celled gametangium isogamy. The classification of phaeophyta is divided into 3 classes, isogeneratae class, Heterogenratae class, and Cyclosporae class. Benefits in life, as food, manufacture of industrial materials, sources of iodine and potassium and also as animal feed.