Difference Between Mitochondria and Plastids
What is Mitochondria?
The mitochondrion is an organelle that has a double
membrane and consists of cristae and matrix. It is an organelle that occurs in
almost all eukaryotic cells, both plant and animal cells.
The cristae are elaborate folds that are formed from
the inner membrane. Their function is to increase the surface area for ATP
production during the last stage of cellular respiration.
The matrix is a gelatin type substance found within
the mitochondrion. The matrix contains mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), molecules
involved in chemical reactions (including enzymes), and ribosomes for protein
synthesis.
The mitochondrion is
the organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cell, aside
from this function they also do store calcium and play a role in cell signaling.
Mitochondria are also
involved in heat production, or thermogenesis.
During respiration
sugars are broken down through a series of enzymatic reactions and carbon
dioxide and water are produced in the process.
The Krebs cycle (also
known as citric acid cycle), of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of
the mitochondrion. This is the second stage of cellular respiration. The first
stage of respiration, glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The end product of
those reactions enters the mitochondrion where it enters the Krebs cycle.
The final stage of
cellular respiration is the electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation which occurs on the cristae of the mitochondrion.
The number of
mitochondria found in any given cell depends on where the cell is, so for
instance liver cells and muscle cells may have 1000s of mitochondria because
these cells are very metabolically active. A few cells, such as erythrocytes do
not have mitochondria at all.
What is Plastids?
A plastid is an
organelle with a double membrane that is found in some eukaryotic cells and
usually contains pigments or stores food. Plastids are not found in animal
cells.
Types of plastids
include:
Leucoplasts: These
plastids have no color, and function in storing different molecules.
Leucoplasts are further divided into different types depending on the type of
molecule they store.
Amyloplasts store
starch and are involved in some biosynthetic processes.
Proteinoplasts store
proteins.
Elaioplasts store
lipids.
Chloroplasts: These
plastids are green because they contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis; they
also contain DNA. They have internal membranes known as thylakoids surrounded
by stroma (similar to, but not the same chemically as the matrix of
mitochondria).
The thylakoids stack
together to form grana and they function in the electron transport chain part
of photosynthesis. Similar to the mitochondrial cristae, thylakoids increase
the surface area for the chemical reactions that occur.
During photosynthesis,
water and carbon dioxide are used by the chloroplasts along with light, in
order to form glucose by a series of chemical reactions.
Chromoplasts: These are
red, orange or yellow in color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments which
may be carotenes or xanthophylls.
Chromoplasts are often
formed from the differentiation of another plastid such as a chloroplast.
The differentiation of
chromoplasts from chloroplasts occurs as a fruit ripens. The colors of flowers
are also due to chromoplasts, and these colors are important in attracting
pollinators to the flower.
Difference between
Mitochondria and Plastids
Location of
Mitochondria and Plastids
Mitochondria are found
in both plant and animal eukaryotic cells while plastids are not found in
animal cells.
Organelle Structures
Mitochondria have
cristae and matrix while plastids do not have cristae or the same type of
matrix; chloroplasts have thylakoids and stroma.
Inner Membranes of
Mitochondria and Plastids
All mitochondria have
inner membranes while only some plastids have inner membranes.
Color of Mitochondria
and Plastids
Plastids can vary in
color depending on what they do and what pigments they contain, while
mitochondria do not vary in color.
Storage of Biological
Macromolecules
Some plastids are
adapted for storing biological macromolecules while mitochondria are not
adapted for storing biological macromolecules.
ATP Production in
Mitochondria and Plastids
Mitochondria are
involved in cellular respiration in which ATP is formed while plastids are not
involved in cellular respiration.
Heat Production
Mitochondria play a
role in thermogenesis while plastids do not play a role in thermogenesis.
Glucose Production in
Mitochondria and Plastids
Plastids can be
involved in glucose production by photosynthesis while mitochondria are not
involved in glucose production.
Glucose Breakdown
Broken down in
mitochondria during oxidation, to form ATP, while it is formed in chloroplasts
(plastids) using ATP.
Gases
Chloroplast plastids
use carbon dioxide and release oxygen while mitochondria use oxygen and release
carbon dioxide.
Water
Chloroplasts uses and
produces water during photosynthesis, while mitochondria only produces and does
not form water during respiration.
Table comparing
Mitochondria and Plastids
MITOCHONDRIA VERSUS
PLASTIDS
Summary of Mitochondria
and Plastids
Mitochondria occur in
most animal and plant cells while plastids do not occur in any animal cells.
Mitochondria have
functions such as aerobic cellular respiration, thermogenesis, and cell
signaling.
There are different
types of plastids with slightly different functions, for instance chloroplasts
function in photosynthesis while leucoplasts function in food storage.
Some plastids like
chloroplasts have a double inner membrane.
Plastid color can vary
depending on pigments that are present, and one plastid can differentiate into
another plastid.
While mitochondria are
involved in producing ATP from breaking down of glucose, chloroplast plastids
use ATP to produce glucose.
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