Phaeophyta (alga blonde / chocolate) traits, classification, place of life and role for life
Phaephyta is
distinguished from others, because it has a brown or olive green color. In
chromatophore it contains chlorophyll-a, carotene, and santofil, but especially
the fukosantin that covers the other colors and that causes the algae to look
blond.
As a result of
assimilation and as a food substance reserve is never found starch, but up to
50% of its dry weight consists of laminarin, a type of carbohydrate that
resembles dextrin and closer to cellulose than with flour. Besides laminarin
also found manit, oil and other substances. The inner cell wall consists of
pectin there is algin, a gelatin-like substance, the Ca salt of alginate acid
which in laminaria represents up to 20-60% of its dry weight. The cells have
only one core.
In Phaephyta the rate
of development that can move in the form of zoospores and gametes, has two
heterokon whip hairs and is located on the side of the body in the shape of a
fruit or lifeboat. At the time it moves the long whip hairs that have shiny
hairs facing to the face and the short ones facing backwards. Close to the
whipping of the whip spots are reddish-blond, and within the wide zoospores
there is one (rarely more) blond chromatophore.
characteristics
a. All types are
multicellular
b. The body is shaped
like a thread or sheet that can reach tens of meters
c. Cell walls are
composed of cellulose, pectin, and alginic acid
d. Chromatophore has no
pythroid, but it has fungus grains as a byproduct of metabolism.
Habitats and transitions
Phaeophyta
habitat almost all the sea and along the coast attached to the rocks, with a
depth of 1.5 to 5 meters only a few species that live in fresh water. On the
ocean and ocean in temperate and cold climates, the talus can reach a very
large and very different size. These algae include bentos, attached to rocks,
wood, often as well as epiphytes in other talus of algae, and some even live as
endophytes. To date there are about 1500-2000 species of brown algae that have
been identified worldwide.
Cell Structure
Multicellular. Cells
contain elliptical chloroplasts, such as ribbons, containing chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll and some xanthophiles such as fukosantin. Food reserves include
laminarin and mannitol. Cell walls contain cellulose and alginate acid.
Generally found the existence of cell walls, which is composed of three kinds
of polymers, namely: cellulose, aginic acid, fukan and fukoidin. Where algin
and fukoidin are more complex than cellulose and the combination of both forms
phylo- tocodoids. Sometimes the cell wall also has calcification. The nucleus
of the cell is single-core, the core of the base berinti many. Chloroplast with
a variety of shapes, sizes and quantities.
Breeding
a. Asexual
Asexual
reproduction with fragmentation, zoospores, propagules. Propagules are
particularly fragile branches of the parent talus. Zooaspora has a lateral
flagellum and is not the same length (long in front and short behind), the
zoospores occur because of the reduction division. In a bubble-shaped
sporangium and first having only one nucleus then there is a division of the
nucleus and chromatophores up to several times. From the zoospora it grows a
haploid gametophyte with colored gametangium.
b. Sexual
Sexual reproduction
with multi-celled gametangium isogamy. At each nuclear division occurs a
partition, resulting in a boxed gametangium. Each box pulls out an isogamet.
The isogametic copulation produces a zygote, which, without experiencing a
period of rest and without cleavage reduction without removing the cell,
immediately germinates into diploid plants, which have only one sporangium
bear. So in this class there is an inheritance rotation. For example Fucus,
Sargassum, Turbinaria, Macrocystis.
Fucus in the body there
is a cavity that produces gametes called konseptakel and at the end of the body
there is a tool for breeding called reseptakel.
brown algae
Classification
Phaeophyta
is divided into 3 classes, namely:
1. Class isogeneratae
This class has a
rotation of isomorphic generation where sporophyte and gametifit are of the
same shape. Example: Ectocarpus.
2. Heterogenratae Class
This class is a
rotation of the heteromorph generation, in which large sporophytes, have a
certain shape. While the microscopic gametophyte and filament. Male gametophyte
to form antheridium that produces gametophyte can be distinguished over female
and male gametophytes, namely heterotalus. Female gametophytes form ooganiums
that produce egg cells. After the eggs in the anterezoidal fruit there is a
zygote that remains in the oogonia. With this zygote cell division developing
into aporofit and the gametophyte will die. Example: Laminaria.
3. Class Cyclosporae
This class of
vegetative forms more dominant is the sporophyte phase (diploid generation),
and does not have a haploid vegetative form (1n). The haploid generation is
only in the form of gamete cells (sex cells) produced in the conceptual, in the
form of rooms located on the entire surface of the talus. Example: Fucales
(includes genus: Fucus, Sargassum, and Turbinaria).
Benefits to Life
a. Produce aliphatic
acids that work for ice cream making, paint making, working in industry for
paper tanning or refining paper, varnish, medicine, and toothpaste.
b. Sources of iodine
and potassium. The iodine concentration in kelp can reach 20,000 times the
amount in seawater. Potassium chloride can be as much as 32 percent of the dry
weight of kelp.
c. As fodder
d. Types of Alaria and
Laminaria as a source of food for the Japanese.
brown algae.
Conclusion
Common features of
Phaeophyta, all types of multicellular, body shaped like a thread or sheet that
can reach tens of meters, cell wall consists of cellulose, pectin, and align
acid, chromatophore has no pythenoid, but has fukosan grains as a byproduct of
metabolism. Phaeophyta habitat almost all the sea and along the coast attached
to the rocks, with a depth of 1.5 to 5 meters only a few species that live in
fresh water. Structure The nucleus of the cell is single core, the core of the
base berinti many. Chloroplast with a variety of shapes, sizes and quantities.
Asexual proliferation with fragmentation, zoospores, propagula and sexual
reproduction with multi-celled gametangium isogamy. The classification of
phaeophyta is divided into 3 classes, isogeneratae class, Heterogenratae class,
and Cyclosporae class. Benefits in life, as food, manufacture of industrial
materials, sources of iodine and potassium and also as animal feed.
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